IAS Prelims (GS) 2018 Preparation
Day # 4 (March 27, 2017)
Topics of the day - History 7th class NCERT chapter 1 - 3 key points
CHAPTER – 1
In 1154 CE world Map was prepared by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi.
In 13th century Minhaj-i-Siraj, a persian used the term Hindustan to represent the areas of Punjab, Haryana and the land between Ganga and Yamuna.
In 16th century, Babur used the term Hindustan to describe the geography, the fauna and the culture of the inhabitants of the sub continent.
A chronicler Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle in 1356.
Merchants and migrants first brought the teachings of Holy Quran to India in the 7th century.
Ulama means Learned theologians and jurists.
Shia Muslims believed that the Prophet's Son in Law Ali was the legitimate leader of the muslim community.
Sunni Muslims accepted the authority of the early leaders (Khalifas) of the community and the succeeding Khalifas.
Chapter – 2
-By 7th century there were samantas gained power and wealth and at some places they asserted their independence from their overlords.
Eg: Rashtrakutas in the Deccan.
- Rashtrakutas are initially subordinate to the chalukyas of karnataka.
- Dantidurga overthrew his chalukhya overlord and performed a ritual called Hiranya Garbha.
- Kadamba Mayurasharma established his kingdom in karnataka.
- Gurjara Prathihara Harichandra established his kingdom in Rajasthan.
- The inscriptions of Cholas frequently mentioned tax known as Vetti ( forced Labour) and Kadamai or Land Revenue.
- Kalhana wrote a long sanskrit poem containing the history of kings who ruled over Kashmir.
- Gurjara - Pratihara, Rashtrakutas and pala dynasties fought for control over Kanauj. Historians described it as tripartite struggle.
- Sultan Muhmud of Ghazni was interested in finding out more about the people he conquered and entrusted a scholar named Al Baruni to write an account of the subcontinent.This arabic work known as Kitab al hind.
- ABOUT CHOLAS:
A minor chiefly family known as the muttaraiyar held power in the kaveri delta.
Vijayalaya, a chola from uraiyur captured the delta from muttaraiyar in the middle of 9th century and built the town of Thanjavur and a temple for goddess Nishumbhasudini.
RajaRaja 1 - chola ruler became king in 985A.D
RajaRaja son Rajendra I continued his fathers policies and even raided the ganga valley, Srilanka and countries of South east Asia developing a navy for these expeditions.
Big temples of Thanjavur and Gangaikonda cholapuram, built by RajaRaja and Rajendra are architectural and sculptural marvels.
Chola Bronze images are considered amongst the finest in the world.
Settlements of peasants known as ur, became prosperous with the spread of irrigation.
Groups of villages formed larger units called Nadu.
Chola kings gave some rich landowners titles like Muvendavelan ( Peasant serving three kings), araiyar ( chief) etc.
Chola inscriptions mention several categories of land:
1. Vellanvagai ------ land of non Brahmana peasant
2. Brahmadeva ------ land gifted to Brahmanas
3. Shalabhoga------- land for the maintenance of school
4. devadana, tirunamattukkani ---- land gifted to temples
5. Pallichchhandam------ land donated to Jaina institutions
Association of traders known as Nagarams.
Chapter 3
Delhi first became the capital of a kingdom under the Tomara Rajputs who were defeated in the middle of the 12th century by chauhans.
- Many rich Jaina merchants lived in the city and constructed several temples, coins minted here, called Dehliwal.
- Rulers of Delhi:
Rajput Dynasty
Tomaras
Ananga pala
chouhans
Turkish Rulers (1206 - 1290)
Qutubuddin Aibak
Iltutmish
Raziyya
Ghiyasuddin Balban
Khalji Dynasty
Jalaluddin Khalji
Alauddin Khalji
Tughluq Dynasty
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
Md.Tughluq
Firuz shah Tughluq
Sayyid Dynasty
Khizr Khan
Lodi Dynasty
Bahlul Lodi
- Quwwat al -Islam mosque and minaret built during the last decade of 12th century.
- The mosque was enlarged by Iltutmish and Alauddin Khilji.
- The minars was built by three sultans
a. Qutubuddin Aibak
b. Iltutmish
c. Firuz shah Tughlaq
- Leader of the congregation of muslims in a masjid is called Imam.
- Imam delivers the sermon (khutba) during the friday prayer.
- During prayer, Muslims stand facing Mecca.In India this is to west. This is called the qibla.
- Begumpuri Mosque built in the region of Muhammad Tughluq was the main mosque of Jahanapanah, the sanctuary of the world.
- Moth ki masjid built by minister of sikander lodhi.
- Iltutmish favoured special slaves purchased for military service, called bandagan.
- Md.Tughluq appointed Aziz Khummar, a wine distiller; Firuz Hajjam, a barber; mank a tabbak, a cook and 2 gardeners, Ladha and Pira to high administrative posts.
- The territories of lands were called iqta and their holder was called iqtadar or muqti.
- Under Alauddhin Khilji the state brought the assesment and collection of land revenue under its
control.
- There were 3 types of taxes.
a. on cultivation called Kharaj ( 50% of the produce).
b. on cattle
c. on houses
- Ibn batuta, 14th century traveller from Morocco, Africa.
- The mongols under Genghis Khan invaded Transoxiana in North East Iran in 1219 and the Delhi sultanate faced their onslaught soon.
- Alauddin Khilji preparations to face Invasion:
a. Delhi was attacked twice(1299 and 1302).
b. raised large standing army
c. constructed a new garrison town named siri.
d. soldiers were paid with cash.
- Md. Tughluq preparation to face Invasion:
a. Mongol army was defeated.
b. The oldest of the 4 cities of Delhi was emptied and soldiers garrisoned there and the residents were sent to Daulatabad in south.
c. To feed army, he imposed additional taxes.
d. Introduced token currency to give salaries to soldiers.
- Md.Tughluq's campaign into Kashmir was a disaster. He then gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana and disbanded large army.
- Sher shah suri ( 1540 - 1546) started his career as the manager of a small territory for his uncle in Bihar and eventually defeated Humayun.
- Delhi sultanate expansion occurred during the reigns of Ghiyasuddin Balban, Alauddin Khalji and Md. Tughluq.
- Military expeditions into southern India started during the reigns of Alauddin Khalji.