NCERT 7th class History chapter 4 to 6 key points

                       IAS Prelims (GS) preparation 2018

Day # 5 (March 28, 2017)

Topics of the day - NCERT History 7th class chapter 4 - 6 key points

Chapter 4

 The Mughals were descendants of 2 great lineages of rulers.

Mother's side - Genghis Khan

Father's side - Timur (Mughals were proud of their Timurid ancestry).

 Babur, the first Mughal emperor succeeded to the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only 12 years.He seized kabul in 1504. He defeated Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat. In 1527, he defeated Rana Sanga, Rajput rulers and allies at Khanua.In 1528, he defeated Rajputs at

Chanderi.

 Babur was succeeded by his son Humayun. Sherkhan defeated Humayun at chausa and kanauj forcing him to flee to Iran. In Iran, Humayun received help from the Safauid Shah.

 Humayun's son Akbar became the emperor at the age of 13years. Initially took the suggestions from Bairam Khan. He suppressed the revolt of his half brother Mirza Hakim. In 1568, the Sisodiya capital of chittor was seized.

 Prince salim(Jahangir) revolted against his father Akbar.

 Shah Jahan (prince Khurram) was the son of Jahangir.

 Son of Shah Jahan was Aurangazeb. Arungazeb's son prince Akbar rebelled against him and received support from the Marathas and Deccan sultanates. In 1685, Arungazeb annexed Bijapur and in 1687 Golconda was annexed.

 The mother of Jahangir was a kachhwaha princess, daughter of the Rajput ruler of Amber.

The mother of Shah Jahan was a Rathor princess, daughter of the rajput ruler of Marwar(jodhpur).

 Those who joined Mughal services were enrolled as Mansabdars, it refers to an individual who holds a mansab, meaning a position or rank.

 The rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called Zat.

 Mansabdars received their salaries as revenue assignments called Jagirs.

 cavalrymen were called Sawar.

 The main source of income available to mughal rulers was tax on the produce of the peasantry.

 The mughals used one term - Zamindars - to describe all the intermediaries whether they were local headmen of villages or powerful chieftians.

 Akbar's revenue minister Todar mal carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices and areas cultivated for a 10 year period (1570-1580).

 Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops.This revenue system was known as Zabt.

 Abul Fazl wrote a 3 volume history of Akbar's reign titled Akbar nama.

First volume was about Akbar's ancestors.

second volume was about events during the Akbar's reign.

Third volume was Ain-i-Akbari- Akbar's administration, army,culture, tradition, geography.

 Akbar's empire was divided into provinces called Subas, governed by Subadar.

 Each province had a financial officer or Diwan.

 Subadar was assisted by Bakshi(military pay master), sadr(minister of religious and charitable patronage), Faujdar(military commander), kotwal (town police commander).

 Akbar used to hold discussions with various other religious priests in the Ibadat Khana.It led Akbar to the idea of sulh-i-kul or Universal peace.

Chapter 5

 Agra Fort was built by Akbar.

 Between the 8th and 13th centuries the Trabeate style was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs and in buildings attached to the large stepped wells.

 Roofs, windows were made by placing a horizontal beam across two vertical columns, a style of architecture called Trabeate or Corbelled.

 The Kandariya mahadeva temple dedicated to Shiva was constructed in 999A.D by King Dhangadeva of the Chandela Dynasty.

 Two technological and stylistic developments are noticeable from the 12th century

a. The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was sometimes carried by arches. This architectural form was called Arcuate.

b. Limestone, cement was increasingly used in construction.This cement when mixed with stone chips hardened into concrete.

 Sultan Iltutmish won universal respect for constructing a large reservoir just outside Delhi i Kunha. It was called the hauz-i-sultan or the king's reservoir.

 In the early 9th century when the pandian King Shrimara Shrivallabha invaded Srilanka and defeated the King Sena - I.

 In his autobiography, Babur described his interest in planning and laying out formal gardens placed within rectangular walled enclosures and divided into 4 quarters by artificial channels. These gardens were called Char Bagh.

 The central towering dome and the tall gateway(pishtaq) became important aspects of Mughal architecture.

 Hast Bihisht - a central hall surrounded by 8 rooms.

 Shah Jahan built Red fort.

Chapter 6

 Bell Metal contains a greater proportion of Tin than other kinds of bronze.

 Chola Bronze statues were made using the lost wax technique.

 Lake Pushkar is near Ajmer.

 From the 8th century onwards the towns had a Mandapika to which nearby villagers brought their produce to sell. They also had market streets called Hatta lined with Shops.

 The crafts persons of Bidar were so famed for their inlay work in copper and silver that it came to be called Bidri.

 Weavers were called as saliyar or Kaikkolars.

 Emporium is a place where goods from diverse production centres are bought and sold.

 Surat was the emporium of western trade during the Mughal period along with Cambay.

 Surat was the gateway for the trade with west Asia via the gulf of Ormuz.

 Surat has also been called gate to Mecca because many pilgrim ships set sail from here.

 English chronicler Ovinglon in 1689 wrote an account on Surat port.

 The textiles of Surat were famous for their gold lace borders(zari).

 Hundi is a note recording a deposit made by a person.The amount deposited can be claimed in another place by presenting the record of the deposit.

 The surat Hundis were honoured in the far off markets of Cairo in Egypt, Basra in Iraq, Antwerp in Belgium.

 The fort at masulipatnam was built by the dutch.

 Initially great Indian traders like Mulla abdul Ghafur and Virji Vora competed with Europeans.