Health, education, law, governance
and recreation etc. require
professional skills. These services require other theoretical
knowledge and practical training.
professional skills. These services require other theoretical
knowledge and practical training.
Tertiary activities are related to the service sector.
Manpower is an important component of the service sector as
most of the tertiary activities are performed by skilled labour,
professionally trained experts and consultants.
The main difference between secondary activities and tertiary
activities is that the expertise provided by services relies more
heavily on specialised skills, experience and knowledge of the
workers rather than on the production techniques, machinery and
factory processes.
TRADE AND COMMERCE
Trade is essentially buying and selling of items produced
elsewhere.
All the services in retail and wholesale trading or commerce are
specifically intended for profit. All this work takes place in towns
and cities also known as trading centres.
The rise of trading from barter at the local level to money
exchange of international scale has produced many centres and
institutions such as trading centres or collection and distribution
points.
Trading centres may be divided into rural and urban marketing
centres.
Rural marketing centres cater to nearby settlements. These are
quasi-urban centres. They serve as trading centres of the most
rudimentary type. Here personal and professional services are not
well-developed.
These form local collecting and
distributing centres.
Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and also retailing
areas. They are not urban centres per se but are significant
centres for making available goods and services which are most
frequently demanded by rural folk.
Most of these have mandis (wholesale markets) and also retailing
areas. They are not urban centres per se but are significant
centres for making available goods and services which are most
frequently demanded by rural folk.
Periodic markets in rural areas are found where there are no
regular markets and local periodic markets are organised at
different temporal intervals.
These may be weekly, biweekly markets from where people from
the surrounding areas meet their temporally accumulated
demand.
These markets are held on specified dates and move from one
place to another.
Urban marketing centres have more widely specialised urban
services. They provide ordinary goods and services as well as
many of the specialised goods and services required by people.
Urban centres, therefore, offer manufactured goods as well as
many specialised markets develop, e.g. markets for labour,
housing, semi or finished products.
Services of educational institutions and professionals such as
teachers, lawyers, consultants, physicians, dentists and veterinary
doctors are available.
RETAIL TRADING SERVICES
This is the business activity concerned with the sale of goods
directly to the consumers. Most of the retail trading takes place in
fixed establishments or stores solely devoted to selling.
Street peddling, handcarts, trucks, door-to-door, mail-order,
telephone, automatic vending machines and internet are
examples of non-store retail selling.
WHOLESALE TRADING SERVICE
Wholesale trading constitutes bulk business through numerous
intermediary merchants and supply houses and not through retail
stores.
Some large stores including chain stores are able to buy directly
from the manufacturers.
However, most retail stores procure supplies from an intermediary
source. Wholesalers often extend credit to retail stores to such an
extent that the retailer operates very largely on the wholesaler’s
capital.
TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION
SERVICES
Transport is a service or facility by which persons, manufactured
goods, and property are physically carried from one location to
another.
It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of
mobility.
Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to
assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods.
At every stage in this complex system, the value of the material is
significantly enhanced by transportation.
Transport distance can be measured as:
km distance or actual distance of route length;
time distance or the time taken to travel on a particular route;
and cost distance or the expense of travelling on a route.
In selecting the mode of transport, distance, in terms of time or
cost, is the determining factor.
Transport is a service or facility by which persons, manufactured
goods, and property are physically carried from one location to
another.
It is an organised industry created to satisfy man’s basic need of
mobility.
Modern society requires speedy and efficient transport systems to
assist in the production, distribution and consumption of goods.
At every stage in this complex system, the value of the material is
significantly enhanced by transportation.
Transport distance can be measured as:
km distance or actual distance of route length;
time distance or the time taken to travel on a particular route;
and cost distance or the expense of travelling on a route.
In selecting the mode of transport, distance, in terms of time or
cost, is the determining factor.
Isochrone lines are drawn on a map to joins places equal in terms
of the time taken to reach them.
COMMUNICATION SERVICES
Communication services involve the transmission of words and
messages, facts and ideas.Certain developments, such as mobile telephony and satellites,
have made communications independent of transport.
Telecommunications
The use of telecommunications is linked to the development of
electrical technology.
It has revolutionised communications because of the speed with
which messages are sent.
The time reduced is from weeks to minutes and recent
advancements like mobile telephony have made
communications direct and instantaneous at any time and from
anywhere.
The telegraph, morse code and telex have almost become
things of the past.
Radio and television also help to relay news, pictures, and
telephone calls to vast audiences around the world and hence
they are termed as mass media.
They are vital for advertising and entertainment.
Newspapers are able to cover events in all corners of the world.
Satellite communication relays information of the earth and from
space. The internet has truly revolutionised the global
communication system .
of the time taken to reach them.
COMMUNICATION SERVICES
Communication services involve the transmission of words and
messages, facts and ideas.Certain developments, such as mobile telephony and satellites,
have made communications independent of transport.
Telecommunications
The use of telecommunications is linked to the development of
electrical technology.
It has revolutionised communications because of the speed with
which messages are sent.
The time reduced is from weeks to minutes and recent
advancements like mobile telephony have made
communications direct and instantaneous at any time and from
anywhere.
The telegraph, morse code and telex have almost become
things of the past.
Radio and television also help to relay news, pictures, and
telephone calls to vast audiences around the world and hence
they are termed as mass media.
They are vital for advertising and entertainment.
Newspapers are able to cover events in all corners of the world.
Satellite communication relays information of the earth and from
space. The internet has truly revolutionised the global
communication system .
SERVICES
Services occur at many different levels.
Low-order services, such as grocery shops and laundries, are more
common and widespread than high-order services or more
specialised ones like those of accountants, consultants and
physicians.
Services are provided to individual consumers who can
afford to pay for them. For example the gardener, the launderers
and the barber do primarily physical labour.
Teacher, lawyers, physicians, musicians and others perform mental
labour.
Many services have now been regulated.
Making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining fire
fighting departments and supplying or supervising education and
customer-care are among the important services most often
supervised or performed by governments or companies.
State and union legislation have established corporations to
supervise and control the marketing of such services as transport,
telecommunication, energy and water supply.
Professional services are primarily health care, engineering, law
and management.
Informal/Non-Formal Sector
Personal services are made available to the people to facilitate
their work in daily life.
The workers migrate from rural areas in search of employment and
are unskilled.
They are employed in domestic services as housekeepers, cooks,
and gardeners. This segment of workers is unorganised. One such example in India is Mumbai’s dabbawala (Tiffin) service
Knowledge oriented service sector can be divided into
quaternary and quinary activities.
QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
Quaternary activities involve some of the following: the collection,
production and dissemination of information or even the
production of information.
Quaternary activities centre around research, development and
may be seen as an advanced form of services involving
specialised knowledge, technical skills, and administrative
competence.
QUINARY ACTIVITIES
The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform
quinary activities. These are subtly different from the knowledge
based industries that the quinary sector in general deals with.
Services occur at many different levels.
Low-order services, such as grocery shops and laundries, are more
common and widespread than high-order services or more
specialised ones like those of accountants, consultants and
physicians.
Services are provided to individual consumers who can
afford to pay for them. For example the gardener, the launderers
and the barber do primarily physical labour.
Teacher, lawyers, physicians, musicians and others perform mental
labour.
Many services have now been regulated.
Making and maintaining highways and bridges, maintaining fire
fighting departments and supplying or supervising education and
customer-care are among the important services most often
supervised or performed by governments or companies.
State and union legislation have established corporations to
supervise and control the marketing of such services as transport,
telecommunication, energy and water supply.
Professional services are primarily health care, engineering, law
and management.
Informal/Non-Formal Sector
Personal services are made available to the people to facilitate
their work in daily life.
The workers migrate from rural areas in search of employment and
are unskilled.
They are employed in domestic services as housekeepers, cooks,
and gardeners. This segment of workers is unorganised. One such example in India is Mumbai’s dabbawala (Tiffin) service
Knowledge oriented service sector can be divided into
quaternary and quinary activities.
QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
Quaternary activities involve some of the following: the collection,
production and dissemination of information or even the
production of information.
Quaternary activities centre around research, development and
may be seen as an advanced form of services involving
specialised knowledge, technical skills, and administrative
competence.
QUINARY ACTIVITIES
The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform
quinary activities. These are subtly different from the knowledge
based industries that the quinary sector in general deals with.
example in India is Mumbai’s dabbawala (Tiffin) service
Knowledge oriented service sector can be divided into
quaternary and quinary activities.
Knowledge oriented service sector can be divided into
quaternary and quinary activities.
QUATERNARY ACTIVITIES
Quaternary activities involve some of the following: the collection,
production and dissemination of information or even the
production of information.
Quaternary activities centre around research, development and
may be seen as an advanced form of services involving
specialised knowledge, technical skills, and administrative
competence.
QUINARY ACTIVITIES
The highest level of decision makers or policy makers perform
quinary activities. These are subtly different from the knowledge
based industries that the quinary sector in general deals with.