Life of Vardhamana Mahavira (539-
467 B.C.)
· Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of the Jain tradition.
· He was born at Kundagrama near Vaisali to Kshatriya parents
Siddhartha and Trisala.
· He married Yasoda and gave birth to a daughter.
· At the age of thirty he became an ascetic and wandered for twelve years.
In the 13th year of his penance, he attained the highest spiritual
knowledge called Kevala Gnana. Thereafter, he was called Mahavira and Jina. His followers were called Jains and his religion Jainism.
· He preached his doctrines for 30 years and died at the age of 72 at Pava near Rajagriha.
Teachings of Mahavira
· The three principles of Jainism, also known as Triratnas (three gems), are: - right faith - right knowledge - right conduct.
· Right faith is the belief in the teachings and wisdom of Mahavira.
· Right Knowledge is the acceptance of the theory that there is no God and that the world has been existing without a creator and that all objects possess a soul.
· Right conduct refers to the observance of the five great vows: - not to injure life - not to lie - not to steal - not to acquire property - not to lead immoral life.
· Both the clergy and laymen had to strictly follow the doctrine of ahimsa.
· Mahavira regarded all objects, both animate and inanimate, have souls and various degrees of consciousness. They possess life and feel pain when they are injured.
· Mahavira rejected the authority of the Vedas and objected to the Vedic rituals.
Spread of Jainism
· Mahavira organised the Sangha to spread his teachings.
· He admitted both men and women in the Sangha, which consisted of both monks and lay followers.
· The rapid spread of Jainism was due to the dedicated work of the
members of the Sangha. It spread rapidly in Western India and
Karnataka.
· Chandragupta Maurya, Kharavela of Kalinga and the royal dynasties of south India such as the Gangas, the Kadambas, the Chalukyas and the Rashtrakutas patronized Jainism.
· By the end of the fourth century B.C., there was a serious famine in the Ganges valley. Many Jain monks led by Bhadrabagu and Chandragupta Maurya came to Sravana Belgola in Karnataka.
· Those who stayed back in north India were led by a monk named
Sthulabahu who changed the code of conduct for the monks. This led to the division of Jainism into two sects Svetambaras (whiteclad) and Digambaras (Sky-clad or Naked).
· The first Jain Council was convened at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu, the leader of the Digambaras, in the beginning of the 3rd century B.C.
· The second Jain Council was held at Valabhi in 5th century A.D. The final compilation of Jain literature called Twelve Angas was completed in this council.
Life of Gautama Buddha (567- 487
B.C.)
· Gautama or Siddhartha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in 567 B.C. in Lumbini Garden near Kapilavastu.
· His father was Suddodhana of the Sakya clan and mother Mayadevi.
· As his mother died at child birth, he was brought up by his aunt
Prajapati Gautami. At the age of sixteen he married Yasodhara and gave birth to a son, Rahula.
· The sight of an old man, a diseased man, a corpse and an ascetic turned him away from worldly life.
· He left home at the age of twenty nine in search of Truth. He wandered for seven years and met several teachers but could not get enlightenment. At last, he sat under a bodhi tree at Bodh Gaya and did intense penance, after which he got Enlightenment (Nirvana) at the age of thirty five. Since then he became known as the Buddha or ‘the Enlightened One’.
· He delivered his first sermon at Sarnath near Benares and for the next forty five years he led the life of a preacher.
· He died at the age of eighty at Kusinagara.
· The most important disciples of Buddha were Sariputta, Moggallanna, Ananda, Kassapa and Upali. Kings like Prasenajit of Kosala and Bimbisara and Ajatasatru of Magadha accepted his doctrines and became his disciples.
· Buddha in his lifetime spread his message far and wide in north India and visited places like Benares, Rajagriha, Sravasti, Vaisali, Nalanda and Pataligrama.
Teachings of Buddha
· The Four Noble Truths of Buddha are:
· The Four Noble Truths of Buddha are:
- The world is full of suffering.
- The cause of suffering is
desire.
- If desires are get rid off,
suffering can be
removed.
- This can be done by following the
Eightfold Path.
· The Eightfold Path consists of right
view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right
effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.
·
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Buddha neither accepts god nor rejects the existence of god. He laid great
emphasis on the law of karma. He argued that the condition of man
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in this life depends upon his own deeds.
He taught that the soul does not exist. However, he emphasized Ahimsa.
· By his love for human beings and all living creatures, he endeared
himself to all. Even under the gravest provocation he did not show the least anger or hatred and instead conquered everyone by his love and compassion.
· His religion was identical with morality and it emphasized purity of
thought, word and deed. He was a rationalist who tried to explain things in the light of reason and not on the basis of blind faith.
· By his love for human beings and all living creatures, he endeared
himself to all. Even under the gravest provocation he did not show the least anger or hatred and instead conquered everyone by his love and compassion.
· His religion was identical with morality and it emphasized purity of
thought, word and deed. He was a rationalist who tried to explain things in the light of reason and not on the basis of blind faith.
Spread of Buddhism
· Buddha had two kinds of disciples – monks (bhikshus) and lay
worshippers (upasikas).
· The monks were organized into the Sangha for the purpose of spreading his teachings.
· The membership was open to all persons, male or female and without any caste restrictions. There was a special code for nuns restricting their residence and movement.
· Sariputta, Moggallana and Ananda were some of the famous monks.
· The Sangha was governed on democratic lines and was empowered to enforce discipline among its members.
· Owing to the organised efforts made by the Sangha, Buddhism made rapid progress in North India even during Buddha’s life time.
· Magadha, Kosala, Kausambi and several republican states of North India embraced this religion.
· Buddha had two kinds of disciples – monks (bhikshus) and lay
worshippers (upasikas).
· The monks were organized into the Sangha for the purpose of spreading his teachings.
· The membership was open to all persons, male or female and without any caste restrictions. There was a special code for nuns restricting their residence and movement.
· Sariputta, Moggallana and Ananda were some of the famous monks.
· The Sangha was governed on democratic lines and was empowered to enforce discipline among its members.
· Owing to the organised efforts made by the Sangha, Buddhism made rapid progress in North India even during Buddha’s life time.
· Magadha, Kosala, Kausambi and several republican states of North India embraced this religion.
· About two hundred years after the death of Buddha, the famous
Mauryan Emperor Asoka embraced Buddhism. Through his missionary
effort Asoka spread Buddhism into West Asia and Ceylon. Thus a local religious sect was transformed into a world religion.
Buddhist Councils
· The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the
chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha.
· The second Buddhist Council was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C.
· The third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it.
· The final version of Tripitakas was completed in this council.
· The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka
under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha participated in this
council.
· The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into
existence during this council.
· The Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Asoka was known as Hinayana.
· The Buddhist texts were collected and compiled some five hundred years after the death of the Buddha. They are known as the Tripitakas, namely the Sutta, the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma Pitakas. They are written in the Pali language.
Mauryan Emperor Asoka embraced Buddhism. Through his missionary
effort Asoka spread Buddhism into West Asia and Ceylon. Thus a local religious sect was transformed into a world religion.
Buddhist Councils
· The first Buddhist Council was held at Rajagraha under the
chairmanship of Mahakasapa immediately after the death of Buddha. Its purpose was to maintain the purity of the teachings of the Buddha.
· The second Buddhist Council was convened at Vaisali around 383 B.C.
· The third Buddhist Council was held at Pataliputra under the patronage of Asoka. Moggaliputta Tissa presided over it.
· The final version of Tripitakas was completed in this council.
· The fourth Buddhist Council was convened in Kashmir by Kanishka
under the chairmanship of Vasumitra. Asvagosha participated in this
council.
· The new school of Buddhism called Mahayana Buddhism came into
existence during this council.
· The Buddhism preached by the Buddha and propagated by Asoka was known as Hinayana.
· The Buddhist texts were collected and compiled some five hundred years after the death of the Buddha. They are known as the Tripitakas, namely the Sutta, the Vinaya and the Abhidhamma Pitakas. They are written in the Pali language.
Causes for the Decline of Buddhism in India
· The revival of Brahmanism and the rise of Bhagavatism led to the fall of popularity of Buddhism.
· The use of Pali, the language of the masses as the language of Buddhism was given up from the 1st century A.D.
· The Buddhists began to adopt Sanskrit, the language of the elite.
· The revival of Brahmanism and the rise of Bhagavatism led to the fall of popularity of Buddhism.
· The use of Pali, the language of the masses as the language of Buddhism was given up from the 1st century A.D.
· The Buddhists began to adopt Sanskrit, the language of the elite.
· After the birth of Mahayana Buddhism, the practice of idol worship
and making offerings led to the deterioration of moral standards. Moreover, the
attack of the Huns in 5th and 6th centuries and the Turkish invaders in 12th
century destroyed the monasteries.
Contribution of Buddhism to Indian Culture
· Buddhism has made a remarkable contribution to the development of Indian culture. The concept of ahimsa was its chief contribution. Later, it became one of the cherished values of our nation.
· Its contribution to the art and architecture of India was notable. The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut and Gaya are wonderful pieces of
architecture.
· Buddhism takes the credit for the chaityas and viharas in different parts of India.
· It promoted education through residential universities like those at Taxila, Nalanda and Vikramasila.
· The language of Pali and other local languages developed through the teachings of Buddhism.
· It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.
· Buddhism has made a remarkable contribution to the development of Indian culture. The concept of ahimsa was its chief contribution. Later, it became one of the cherished values of our nation.
· Its contribution to the art and architecture of India was notable. The stupas at Sanchi, Bharhut and Gaya are wonderful pieces of
architecture.
· Buddhism takes the credit for the chaityas and viharas in different parts of India.
· It promoted education through residential universities like those at Taxila, Nalanda and Vikramasila.
· The language of Pali and other local languages developed through the teachings of Buddhism.
· It had also promoted the spread of Indian culture to other parts of Asia.