Chalukyas (543 – 755 A.D.)
Pulakesin I was the founder of the Chalukya dynasty. He established
a small kingdom with Vatapi or Badami as its capital.
Pulakesin II (608-642 A.D.):
· The most important ruler of this dynasty was Pulakesin II.
· The Aihole inscription issued by him gives the details of his reign.
· He fought with the Kadambas of Banavasi and the Gangas of Mysore
and established his suzerainty.
· Durvinita, the Ganga rule accepted his overlordship and even gave
his daughter in marriage to Pulakesin II.
· Another notable achievement of Pulakesin II was the defeat of
Harshavardhana on the banks of the river Narmada.
· He put a check to the ambition of Harsha to conquer the south.
· In his first expedition against the Pallavas, Pulakesin II emerged
victorious. But he suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of
Narasimhavarman I near Kanchi.
· Subsequently, the Chalukya capital Vatapi was captured and
destroyed by the Pallavas.
· The most important event in the reign of Pulakesin II was the visit of
Hiuen Tsang to his kingdom.
· The successor of Pulakesin II was Vikramaditya.
· He once again consolidated the Chalukya kingdom and plundered
the Pallava capital, Kanchi. Thus he had avenged his father’s defeat
and death at the hands of the Pallavas.
· Kirtivarman II was the last of the rulers of the Chalukyas.
· He was defeated by Dantidurga, the founder of the Rashtrakuta
dynasty.
Administration and Social Life under the Chalukyas:
· The Chalukya administration was highly centralized unlike that of
the Pallavas and the Cholas.
· Village autonomy was absent under the Chalukyas.
· The Chalukyas had a great maritime power.
· Pulakesin II had 100 ships in his navy. They also had a small
standing
army.
· The Badami Chalukyas were Brahmanical Hindus but they gave
respect to other religions.
· Importance was given to Vedic rites and rituals.
· The founder of the dynasty Pulakesin I performed the asvamedha
sacrifice. A number of temples in honour of Vishnu, Siva and other
gods were also built during this period.
· Hiuen Tsang mentioned about the decline of Buddhism in western
Deccan. But Jainism was steadily on the path of progress in this
region.
· Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakesin II who composed the Aihole
inscription was a Jain.
army.
· The Badami Chalukyas were Brahmanical Hindus but they gave
respect to other religions.
· Importance was given to Vedic rites and rituals.
· The founder of the dynasty Pulakesin I performed the asvamedha
sacrifice. A number of temples in honour of Vishnu, Siva and other
gods were also built during this period.
· Hiuen Tsang mentioned about the decline of Buddhism in western
Deccan. But Jainism was steadily on the path of progress in this
region.
· Ravikirti, the court poet of Pulakesin II who composed the Aihole
inscription was a Jain.
Art and Architecture
· The Chalukyas were great patrons of art.
· They developed the vesara style in the building of structural temples.
· However, the vesara style reached its culmination only under the
Rashtrakutas and the Hoysalas.
· The structural temples of the Chalukyas exist at Aihole, Badami and
Pattadakal.
· Cave temple architecture was also famous under the Chalukyas.
· Their cave temples are found in Ajanta, Ellora and Nasik.
· The best specimens of Chalukya paintings can be seen in the Badami
cave temple and in the Ajanta caves.
· The reception given to a Persian embassy by Pulakesin II is depicted
in a painting at Ajantha.
· The Chalukya temples may be divided into two stages.
· The first stage is represented by the temples at Aihole and Badami.
· Among the seventy temples found at Aihole, four are important.
1. Ladh Khan temple is a low, flat-roofed structure consisting of a pillared
hall.
2. Durga temple resembles a Buddha Chaitya.
3. Huchimalligudi temple.
4. The Jain temple at Meguti.
· Among the temples at Badami, the Muktheeswara temple and the
Melagutti Sivalaya are notable for their architectural beauty.
· A group of four rock-cut temples at Badami are marked by high
workmanship.
· The walls and pillared halls are adorned by beautiful images of gods
and human beings.
· The second stage is represented by the temples at Pattadakal.
· There are ten temples here, four in the northern style and the
remaining six in the Dravidian style.
· The Papanatha temple is the most notable in the northern style.
· The Sangamesvara temple and the Virupaksha temple are famous for
their Dravidian style.
· The Virupaksha temple is built on the model of the Kailasanatha
temple at Kanchipuram.
· It was built by one of the queens of Vikramaditya II.
· Sculptors brought from Kanchi were employed in its construction.
Melagutti Sivalaya are notable for their architectural beauty.
· A group of four rock-cut temples at Badami are marked by high
workmanship.
· The walls and pillared halls are adorned by beautiful images of gods
and human beings.
· The second stage is represented by the temples at Pattadakal.
· There are ten temples here, four in the northern style and the
remaining six in the Dravidian style.
· The Papanatha temple is the most notable in the northern style.
· The Sangamesvara temple and the Virupaksha temple are famous for
their Dravidian style.
· The Virupaksha temple is built on the model of the Kailasanatha
temple at Kanchipuram.
· It was built by one of the queens of Vikramaditya II.
· Sculptors brought from Kanchi were employed in its construction.
Rashtrakutas (755 – 975 A.D.)
· The Rashtrakutas were of Kannada origin and Kannada language
was their mother tongue.
· Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
· He defeated the Gurjaras and captured Malwa from them. Then he
annexed the Chalukya kingdom by defeating Kirtivarman II. Thus,
the Rashtrakutas became a paramount power in the Deccan.
Krishna I
· Dantidurga’s successor Krishna I was also a great conqueror.
· He defeated the Gangas and the eastern Chalukyas of Vengi.
· He built the magnificent rock-cut monolithic Kailasa temple at Ellora.
· The next important king of this dynasty was Govinda III. He
achieved victories over north Indian kingdoms.
Amoghavarsha:
· Krishna I’s successor Amoghavarsha I (815- 880 A.D.) ruled for a
long period of 64 years.
· He had lost control over Malwa and Gangavadi. Yet, his reign was
popular for the cultural development.
· He was a follower of Jainism.
· Jinasena was his chief preceptor.
· He was also a patron of letters and he himself wrote the famous
Kannada work, Kavirajamarga.
· He had also built the Rashtrakuta capital, the city of Malkhed or
Manyakheda.
· Among the successors of Amoghavarsha I, Krishna III (936- 968 A.D.)
was famous for his expeditions.
· He marched against the Cholas and defeated them at Takkolam.
· He marched further south and captured Tanjore. He went as far as
Rameswaram and occupied it for sometime.
· He built several temples in the conquered territories including the
Krishneswara temple at Rameswaram. Throughout his reign he
possessed the Tondaimandalam region including the capital Kanchi.
· After his death, the power of the Rashtrakutas declined.
Administration:
· The Rashtrakuta Empire was divided into several provinces called
rashtras under the control of rashtrapatis.
· They were further divided into vishayas or districts governed by
vishayapatis.
· The next subdivision was bhukti consisting of 50 to 70 villages under
the control of bhogapatis.
· These officers were directly appointed by the central government.
· The village administration was carried on by the village headmen.
However, the village assemblies played a significant role in the
village administration.
Society and Economy:
· The Hindu sects of Vaishnavism and Saivism flourished during the
period of Rashtrakutas. Yet, they did not affect the progress of
Jainism under the patronage of Rashtrakuta kings and officers.
· Almost one third of the population of the Deccan were Jains.
· There were some prosperous Buddhist settlements at places like
Kanheri, Sholapur and Dharwar. There was harmony among various
religions. There was a college at Salatogi, situated in modern Bijapur
district.
· An inscription gives details of this educational centre. It was run by
the income from the endowments made by the rich as well as by all
the villagers on occasions of functions and festivals.
· There was an active commerce between the Deccan and the Arabs.
· The Rashtrakuta kings promoted the Arab trade by maintaining
friendship with them.
Cultural Contributions:
· The Rashtrakutas widely patronized the Sanskrit literature.
· There were many scholars in the Rashtrakuta court.
· Trivikrama wrote Nalachampu and the Kavirahasya was composed by
Halayudha during the reign of Krishna III.
· The Jain literature flourished under the patronage of the
Rashtrakutas. Amogavarsha I, who was a Jain patronized many Jain
scholars.
· His teacher Jinasena composed Parsvabhudaya, a biography of Parsva
in verses.
· Another scholar Gunabhadra wrote the Adipurana, the life stories of
various Jain saints.
· Sakatayana wrote the grammer work called Amogavritti.
· The great mathematician of this period, Viracharya was the author
of Ganitasaram.
· The Kannada literature saw its beginning during the period of the
Rashtrakutas.
· Amogavarsha’s Kavirajamarga was the first poetic work in Kannada
language.
· Pampa was the greatest of the Kannada poets.
· His famous work was Vikramasenavijaya.
· Ponna was another famous Kannada poet and he wrote Santipurana.
· Trivikrama wrote Nalachampu and the Kavirahasya was composed by
Halayudha during the reign of Krishna III.
· The Jain literature flourished under the patronage of the
Rashtrakutas. Amogavarsha I, who was a Jain patronized many Jain
scholars.
· His teacher Jinasena composed Parsvabhudaya, a biography of Parsva
in verses.
· Another scholar Gunabhadra wrote the Adipurana, the life stories of
various Jain saints.
· Sakatayana wrote the grammer work called Amogavritti.
· The great mathematician of this period, Viracharya was the author
of Ganitasaram.
· The Kannada literature saw its beginning during the period of the
Rashtrakutas.
· Amogavarsha’s Kavirajamarga was the first poetic work in Kannada
language.
· Pampa was the greatest of the Kannada poets.
· His famous work was Vikramasenavijaya.
· Ponna was another famous Kannada poet and he wrote Santipurana.
Art and Architecture:
· The art and architecture of the Rashtrakutas were found at Ellora and
Elephanta.
· At Ellora, the most remarkable temple is the Kailasa temple.
· It was excavated during the reign of Krishna I.
· It is carved out of a massive block of rock 200 feet long, and 100 feet
in breadth and height.
· The temple consists of four parts - the main shrine, the entrance
gateway, an intermediate shrine for Nandi and mandapa
surrounding the courtyard.
· The temple stands on a lofty plinth 25 feet high.
· The central face of the plinth has imposing figures of elephants and
lions giving the impression that the entire structure rests on their
back. It has a three-tiered sikhara or tower resembling the sikhara of
the Mamallapuram rathas.
· In the interior of the temple there is a pillared hall which has
sixteen
square pillars.
· The Kailasa temple is an architectural marvel with it beautiful
sculptures. The sculpture of the Goddess Durga is shown as slaying
the Buffalo demon.
· In another sculpture Ravana was making attempts to lift Mount
Kailasa, the abode of Siva.
· The scenes of Ramayana were also depicted on the walls. The general
characteristics of the Kailasa temple are more Dravidian.
· Elephanta is an island near Bombay. It was originally called Sripuri.
· The Portuguese after seeing the large figure of an elephant named
it Elephanta.
· The sculptural art of the Rashtrakutas reached its zenith in this place.
· There is a close similarity between the sculptures at Ellora and those
in Elephanta. They might have been carved by the same craftsmen.
· At the entrance to the sanctum there are huge figures of dwarapalakas.
· In the walls of the prakara around the sanctum there are niches
containing the images of Shiva in various forms - Nataraja,
Gangadhara, Ardhanareesvara and Somaskanda.
· The most imposing figure of this temple is Trimurthi. The sculpture is
six metre high. It is said to represent the three aspects of Shiva as
Creator, Preserver and Destroyer.
square pillars.
· The Kailasa temple is an architectural marvel with it beautiful
sculptures. The sculpture of the Goddess Durga is shown as slaying
the Buffalo demon.
· In another sculpture Ravana was making attempts to lift Mount
Kailasa, the abode of Siva.
· The scenes of Ramayana were also depicted on the walls. The general
characteristics of the Kailasa temple are more Dravidian.
· Elephanta is an island near Bombay. It was originally called Sripuri.
· The Portuguese after seeing the large figure of an elephant named
it Elephanta.
· The sculptural art of the Rashtrakutas reached its zenith in this place.
· There is a close similarity between the sculptures at Ellora and those
in Elephanta. They might have been carved by the same craftsmen.
· At the entrance to the sanctum there are huge figures of dwarapalakas.
· In the walls of the prakara around the sanctum there are niches
containing the images of Shiva in various forms - Nataraja,
Gangadhara, Ardhanareesvara and Somaskanda.
· The most imposing figure of this temple is Trimurthi. The sculpture is
six metre high. It is said to represent the three aspects of Shiva as
Creator, Preserver and Destroyer.