IAS Prelims(GS) preparation 2018
Day # 8 (March 31, 2017)
Topics of the Day: History 8th NCERT part I chapter 1 and 2 key points
Chapter – 1
-Robert Clive asked James Rennel to produce maps of Hindustan.
-James Rennel produced the first map in 1782.
-In 1817, James mill, a Scottish economist and political philosopher, published a massive three volume work. “A History of British India‟.
-James prinsep – He was an English Scholar, orientatist and antiquary. He was the founding editor of the journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal.
Chapter-2
-In 1600, the East India company acquired a charter from the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it the sole right to trade with the East.
-Mercantile – A business enterprise that makes profit primarily through trade, buying goods cheap and selling them at higher prices.
-The first English factory was set up on the banks of the river Hugli in 1651. This was the base from which the company’s traders, known at that time as factors Operated.
-In 1698, the East India Company bribed Mughal officials into giving the company Zamindari rights over three villages. One of these was Kalikata, which later grew into the city of Calcutta.
-Arungazeb issued a farman granting the company right to trade duty free.
-Farman – A royal edict, a royal order.
-Arungazeb’s farman was misused by the officials of East India Company. The officials of the company, who were carrying on private trade, refused to pay duty. It caused an enormous loss of revenue for Bengal.
-After the death of Arungazeb, the Bengal Nawabs asserted their power and autonomy.
-In 1756, Sirajud daulah became the nawab of Bengal, after the death of Alivardhi Khan.
-The East India Company tried to help one of the Sirajuddaulah’s rivals become the nawab.
-Sirajuddaulah asked the company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion.
-The Nawab Sirajuddaulah marched with 30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kassimbazar, captured the company officials.
-In 1757, Robert Clive Led the company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at plassey. Robert Clive defeated the forces of Nawab at the Battle of plassey.
-Mir Jafar, one of Sirajuddaulah‟s commanders, got associated with Robert Clive and helped in defeat of Sirajuddaulah.
-Plassey is an anglicised pronunciation of palashi and the place derived its name from the palash tree known for its beautiful red flowers that yield gulal, the powder used in the festival of Holi.
-After Battle of plassey, Mir Jafar became the Nawab. Later British replaced Mir Jafar with Mir Qasim.
-Mir Qasim protested against the British. He was then defeated in a battle fought at Buxar (1764).
-After the Battle of Buxar (1764), the company appointed Residents in Indian States. They were political or commercial agents and their job was to serve and further the interests of the company.
-According to the terms of Subsidiary Alliance, Indian rulers were not allowed to have their independent armed forces. They were to be protected by the company, but had to pay for the “Subsidiary forces‟ that the company was supposed to maintain for the purpose of this protection.
-In 1785 Tipu Sultan stopped the export of Sandalwood, pepper and cardamom through the ports of his kingdom, and disallowed local merchants from trading with the company.
-Tipusultan maintained close relationship with the French in India, and modernised his army with their help.
-Tipusultan – Tiger of mysore.
-Tipusultan died on May 4, 1799 defending his capital Seringapatnam.
-After the defeat in the third Battle of panipat in 1761, the Marathas were divided into many states under different chiefs belonging to dynasties such as Sindhia,
Holkar, Gaikwad & Bhonsle. These chiefs were held locked the warehouse, disarmed all English men, and blockaded English ships.Together in a confederacy under a peshwa.
-First Anglo Maratha was ended in 1782 with the Treaty of Salbai.
-In the second Anglo Maratha war (1803-1805) British gained Orissa and the territories north of the Yamuna river including Agra & Delhi.
-In the third Anglo Maratha war (1817-19), Maratha power was completely
crushed.
-The Peshwa was removed and sent away to Bithur near Kanpur with a pension.
-In 1765 the Mughal emperor appointed the company as the Diwan of the provinces of Bengal.
-In 1764, Robert Clive was appointed Governor of Bengal.
-Lord Dalhousie (Governor General 1848 to 1856) devised a policy known as the Doctrine of lapse.
-According to the Doctrine of lapse, If an Indian ruler died without a male heir his kingdom would lapse, that is, become part of company territory.
-By the policy of Doctrine of lapse, one kingdom after another was annexed.
Satara (1848)
Sambalpur (1850)
Udaipur (1852)
Nagpur (1853)
Jhansi (1854)
-In 1856, the company took over Awadh in the pretext of misgovernment.
-The first Governor-General, Warren Hastings introduced several
administrative reforms, notably in the sphere of justice. Each district was to have two courts – a criminal court (Faujdari adalat) and a civil court (diwani adalat).
-N.B Halhed translated a digest of Hindu laws into English.
-Under the Regulating Act of 1773, a new supreme court was established, while a court of appeal – Sadar Nizamat Adalat – was also set up a Calcutta.
-Under Lord Hastings a new policy of „Paramountaj‟ was initiated. The company claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme.
-When the British tried to annex the small state of Kitoor (in Karnataka), Rani Channamma took to arms and led an anti British resistance movement she was arrested in 1824 and died in prison in 1829.
-Rayanna, a poor chowkidar of Sangoli in Kitoor, carried on the resistance. He was caught and hanged by the British in 1880.