Source: IX NCERT Polity Chapter 1 to 3
Chapter - I
- Salvador Allende was the founder leader of the socialist party of chile. He became president of Chile in the year 1970. He introduced various reform measures in Chile. He was opposed to foreign companies taking away natural resources like copper from the country.
- On 11 september 1973 the military bombed the president's house and Allende died in the attack. An Army general took over presidency of the country. This is Known as Military coup.
- In 1973 military coup in chile was led by General Augusto Pinochet. He became President in Chile and ruled it for 17 years.
- In 1988, Pinochet decided to hold a referendum in which the people of Chile voted a decisive NO to Pinochet. He lost his power.
- In 1976 Lech walesa, an electrician at Lenin Shipayard in the city of Gdanak, Poland was dismissed from service for demanding higher pay.
- In 1980, the workers of Lenin Shipyard went on strike with a demand to take back a crane operator, a woman worker, who was unjustly dismissed.
- Lech Walesa joined the strikers and soon emerged as a leader. they wanted the right to form independent trade unions. Finally the Government had to give in. A new trade union called solidarity was formed.
- In 1989 solidarity made an agreement with the government to conduct free elections.
- The Universal Adult Franchise was adopted in
1917 - Russia
!918 - Germany
1928 - Britain
1931 - SriLanka
1944 - France
1945 - Japan
1950 - India
1962 - Australia
1965 - USA
1978 - Spain
1994 - South Africa
- Ghana used to be a British colony named Gold Coast. It became independent in 1957. Kwame Nkrumah became the first Prime Minister and then the president of Ghana. In 1966, he was overthrown by Military.
- Myanmar, formerly known as Burma, gained freedom from colonial rule in 1948 and became a democracy. But the democratic rule ended in 1962 with a military coup.
- United Nations General Assembly cannot take any decision about what action should be taken in a conflict between different countries. Only UN security council can take such crucial decisions.
- Martial Law - A system of rules that takes effect when a military authority takes control of the normal administration of Justice.
- Referendum - A direct vote in which an entire electorate to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
- Democracy can be simply defined as a form of government in which the rules are elected by the people.
- Features of the democracy:
- The final decision making power must rest with those elected by the people.
- Democracy must be based on a free and fair elections where those currently in power have a fair chance of losing.
- In a democracy, each adult citizen must have one vote and each vote must have one value.
- A democratic government rules within limits set by constitutional law and citizens' rights.
- Nelson Mandela and seven other leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment in 1964 for daring to oppose the apartheid regime in his country.
- Nelson Mandela spent 28 yea rs in South Africa's most dreaded prison, Robben Island.
- During the 17th and 18th centuries many whites from Europe had settled in South Africa and became the local rulers. They imposed the Apartheid system on south Africa.
- Apartheid was the name of a system of racial discrimination unique to South Africa.
- Nelson Mandela's autobiography " The Long walk to freedom".
- The constitution of a country is a set of written rules that are accepted by all the people living together in a country.
- Constitution is the supreme law that determines the relationship among people living in a territory and also relationship between the people and the government.
- A constitution does many things
- it generate a degree of trust and coordination that is necessary for different kind of people to live together.
- it specifies how the government to be constituted, who will have the power to take which decisions.
- it lays down limits on the powers of the government and tells us what the rights of the citizens are; and
- it expresses the aspirations of the people about creating a good society.
- In 1928, Motilal Nehru and eight other congress leaders drafted a constitution for India.
- In 1931, the resolution at the Karachi session of the Indian national congress dwelt on how independent India's constitution look like.
- The drafting of Indian constitution was done by an assembly of elected representatives called the constituent assembly.
- The elections to this assembly were held in July 1946.
- The constituent assembly that wrote the Indian constitution had 299 members.
- The assembly adopted the constitution on 26 November 1949 but it came into effect on 26 January 1950.