(Source: XI NCERT Economics Chapter 8,9 & 10)
CHAPTER – 8:: INFRASTRUCTURE
·
- Infrastructure provides supporting
services in the main areas of industrial and agricultural production, domestic
and foreign trade and commerce.
·
- Infrastructure – 2 types
1. Economic
– Energy, Transportation and communication
2. Social
– Education, Health and housing
·
- Morbidity : Proneness to fall ill
· -
Being a tropical country, India has
almost unlimited potential for producing solar energy, wind energy and tidal
power.
· -
Electricity is a secondary form of
energy produced from primary energy resources including coal, hydrocarbons,
nuclear energy etc.
· -
Indian Systems of medicine includes
6 systems
Ayurveda, Yoga, Unani, Siddha, Naturopathy,
Homeopathy
·
- Global burden of diseases (GBD) –
It is an indicator used by experts to gauge the number of people dying
prematurely due to a particular disease as well as the number of years spent by
them in a state of disability owing to the disease.
·
- India bears a frightening 20% of
GBD.
· -
SEWA in Ahmedabad and ACCORD in
Nilgiris are NGO’s functions with the idea that the people can be trained and
involved in primary healthcare system.
CHAPTER – 9: ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
·
- Environment is defined as the total
planetary inheritance and the totality of all resources.
· -
Biotic elements – Plants, Forests,
Birds, Animals
·
- Abiotic elements – Air, Water,
Land, Rocks and Sunlight
·
- 4 vital functions of the
environment are
a.
It supplies resources
b. It
assimilates waste
c.
It sustain life by providing
genetic and biodiversity
d. It
also provide aesthetic services like scenery etc
· -
The environmental concerns of India
are
1) Land Degradation
2) Biodiversity Loss
3) Air Pollution
4) Management of Fresh Water
5)
Solid Waste Management
·
- The Factors responsible for land
degradation are
a) Loss
of vegetation occurring due to deforestation
b) Unsustainable
fuel wood & fodder extraction
c) Shifting
cultivation
d) Encroachment
into forest lands
e) Forest
fires & Over grazing
f)
Non- adoption of adequate Soil
conservation measures
g) Improper
crop rotation
h) Indiscriminate
use of Agrochemicals
i)
Improper management & planning
of irrigation systems.
j)
Extraction of ground water
· -
The per capita forestland in the
country is only 0.08 hectare against the requirement of 0.47 hectare to meet
basic needs.
· -
UNEP defined sustainable
development as Development that meets the need of the present generation
without compromising the ability of the future generation to meet their own
needs.
·
- The Brundtland Commission
emphasizes on protecting the future generation.
·
- Strategies for sustainable
Development:-
1. Use
of non conventional sources of energy
2. LPG,
Gobar gas in rural areas
3. CNG
in urban areas
4. Wind
Power
5. Solar
power through photovoltaic cells
6. Mini
hydel plants
7. Traditional
knowledge and practices
8. Biocomposting
9. Biopest
control
CHAPTER 10:: COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT EXPERIENCES OF INDIA AND
ITS NEIGHBOURS
- Pakistan announced it first five
year plan called the medium term plan in 1956.
·- China’s first year plan in 1953
·- In 1956, Mao introduced the Great
proletarian Cultural Revolution under which students and professionals were
sent to work and learn from the countryside.
·
- China introduced structural reforms
in 1978.