- Some of the areas where women and men first began to grow crops such as wheat and barley about 8000 years ago are located in the sulaiman and kirthar hills to the Northwest.
- The places where rice was first grown are north of the vindhyas
- The areas where agriculture developed were in Garo hills.
- South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka) is often called a sub continent because although it is smaller than a continent, it is very large and is separated from the rest of Asia by hills, seas and mountains.
- The word India comes from the river Indus, called Sindhu in sanskrit.
- The name Bharata was used for a group of people who lived in the north west and who are mentioned in the Rigveda.
- Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal.
- A.D - Latin words Anno Domini which means in the year of the lord.
- Sometimes CE is used instead of A.D.
- CE - Common era
- Scholars understand the inscriptions containing both scripts and languages through a process known as decipherment.
- Rosetta is a town on the north coast of Egypt and here an inscriped stone was found contained inscriptions in three different languages and scripts. Scholars who could read out the names of kings and queens were enclosed in a little frame called a cartouche.
- Some important Archeological sites:
PALAEOLITHIC SITES
Kurnool caves, Hunsgi, Bhimbetka.
NEOLITHIC SITES
paiyampalli, hallur, daojali Hading, Mahagara, koldihwa, Chirand, Mehrgarh
MEGALITHIC SITES
Adinchanallur, Brahmagiri
- Natural caves and rock shelters are found in the vindhyas and the deccan plateau.
- Places where stone was found and where people made tools are known as factory sites.
- Stone tools were probably made using two different techniques.
a. stone on stone
b. pressure flaking
- The palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to about 12000 years ago. This time is divided into lower, middle and upper palaeolithic.
- 12000 years ago till about 10000 years ago is called the mesolithic. Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny and are called microliths.
- The next stage from about 10000 years ago is known as the neolithic age.
- Ostriches were found in India during the palaeolithic period.
- Around 12000 years ago there were major changes in the climate of the world which is a shift to relatively warm conditions. This led to the development of Grasslands.
- Domestication began about 12,000 years ago.
- Domestication is the process in which people grow plants and look after animals.
- Mehrgarh is located in a fertile plain, near the bolan pass which is one of the most important routes into Iran.
- Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley and wheat.
- Burial sites have been found at Mehrgarh where the dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in the next world.
- Daojali haldi is a site on the hills near Brahmaputra valley. Here mortars and pestles have been found.
- Jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China.
- Catal Huyuk, famous neolithic site in Turkey.
- The city of Harappa was developed about 4700 years ago.
- The Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts.
- Great Bath in Mohenjadaro is a special tank lined with bricks coated with paster and made water tight with a layer of natural tar.
- The cities of lothal and Kalibangan had fire altars.
- Terracotta toys have been found.
- Stone weights were made of chert.
- Copper and Bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels.
- The Harappan seals are made of stone and generally rectangular and usually have an animal carved on them.
- Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago.
- Spindle whorls made of Terracotta and faience were found.
- faience is an artificial material.
- The Harappans probably got copper from Oman.
- Harappan city Dholavira, located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of kutch was divided into 3 parts and each part was surrounded with massive stone walls, with entrance through gateways.
- The city of Lothal stood beside a tributary of the sabarmathi, in gujarat, close to the Gulf of khambat.
- The city of Lothal was an important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal.
(SOURCE: VI NCERT History - chapter 1 to 4)
- The places where rice was first grown are north of the vindhyas
- The areas where agriculture developed were in Garo hills.
- South Asia (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka) is often called a sub continent because although it is smaller than a continent, it is very large and is separated from the rest of Asia by hills, seas and mountains.
- The word India comes from the river Indus, called Sindhu in sanskrit.
- The name Bharata was used for a group of people who lived in the north west and who are mentioned in the Rigveda.
- Inscriptions are writings on relatively hard surfaces such as stone or metal.
- A.D - Latin words Anno Domini which means in the year of the lord.
- Sometimes CE is used instead of A.D.
- CE - Common era
- Scholars understand the inscriptions containing both scripts and languages through a process known as decipherment.
- Rosetta is a town on the north coast of Egypt and here an inscriped stone was found contained inscriptions in three different languages and scripts. Scholars who could read out the names of kings and queens were enclosed in a little frame called a cartouche.
- Some important Archeological sites:
PALAEOLITHIC SITES
Kurnool caves, Hunsgi, Bhimbetka.
NEOLITHIC SITES
paiyampalli, hallur, daojali Hading, Mahagara, koldihwa, Chirand, Mehrgarh
MEGALITHIC SITES
Adinchanallur, Brahmagiri
- Natural caves and rock shelters are found in the vindhyas and the deccan plateau.
- Places where stone was found and where people made tools are known as factory sites.
- Stone tools were probably made using two different techniques.
a. stone on stone
b. pressure flaking
- The palaeolithic period extends from 2 million years ago to about 12000 years ago. This time is divided into lower, middle and upper palaeolithic.
- 12000 years ago till about 10000 years ago is called the mesolithic. Stone tools found during this period are generally tiny and are called microliths.
- The next stage from about 10000 years ago is known as the neolithic age.
- Ostriches were found in India during the palaeolithic period.
- Around 12000 years ago there were major changes in the climate of the world which is a shift to relatively warm conditions. This led to the development of Grasslands.
- Domestication began about 12,000 years ago.
- Domestication is the process in which people grow plants and look after animals.
- Mehrgarh is located in a fertile plain, near the bolan pass which is one of the most important routes into Iran.
- Mehrgarh was probably one of the places where women and men learnt to grow barley and wheat.
- Burial sites have been found at Mehrgarh where the dead person was buried with goats, which were probably meant to serve as food in the next world.
- Daojali haldi is a site on the hills near Brahmaputra valley. Here mortars and pestles have been found.
- Jadeite, a stone that may have been brought from China.
- Catal Huyuk, famous neolithic site in Turkey.
- The city of Harappa was developed about 4700 years ago.
- The Harappan cities were divided into two or more parts.
- Great Bath in Mohenjadaro is a special tank lined with bricks coated with paster and made water tight with a layer of natural tar.
- The cities of lothal and Kalibangan had fire altars.
- Terracotta toys have been found.
- Stone weights were made of chert.
- Copper and Bronze were used to make tools, weapons, ornaments and vessels.
- The Harappan seals are made of stone and generally rectangular and usually have an animal carved on them.
- Cotton was probably grown at Mehrgarh from about 7000 years ago.
- Spindle whorls made of Terracotta and faience were found.
- faience is an artificial material.
- The Harappans probably got copper from Oman.
- Harappan city Dholavira, located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of kutch was divided into 3 parts and each part was surrounded with massive stone walls, with entrance through gateways.
- The city of Lothal stood beside a tributary of the sabarmathi, in gujarat, close to the Gulf of khambat.
- The city of Lothal was an important centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal.
(SOURCE: VI NCERT History - chapter 1 to 4)